Listing multiple authors (et al.), looking up countless page numbers, fussing with formatting italics and boldface – referencing might be the most tedious part of academic writing, but it’s also one of the most important.

Whether you’re writing your first essay or even doing your dissertation, correct referencing is a must in good academic work. Why? Because referencing sources correctly isn’t just about avoiding plagiarism; it’s about showcasing the logic and train of thought in your research, giving credit to other authors in the field of study, and enabling your readers to comprehend and even reproduce the ideas, thoughts and sources that shaped your ideas.

The good news: referencing doesn’t have to be a daunting task. If you understand the basics early on, you can streamline the process and avoid last-minute scrambling to format your sources correctly. This article will walk you through everything – from the fundamentals of referencing to how to reference sources correctly (such as books, journals, online sources, videos and even presentations) in popular referencing styles like Harvard, APA, MLA, and Vancouver. As a plus, we’ll introduce you to Adobe Express – our free all-in-one tool that can help you create a standout research report and more. Whether you’re new to academic writing, just need a refresher, or want to look something up, you’re in the right place. Let’s dive in.

The basics of referencing.

Whether you’re in school, at university, doing research for work or even working on your dissertation – when doing any kind of academic or professional work, you’ll need to reference.

Referencing is a fundamental part of academic writing. It’s a way to acknowledge the sources that have contributed to your ideas and arguments, making them comprehensible and ensuring your readers can trace your research and follow your argument. Furthermore, referencing is the tool that connects your work to the broader academic conversation.

But there’s more: proper referencing is also essential to avoid plagiarism (copying others’ work). By citing your sources accurately, you show that your ideas are supported by evidence while clearly distinguishing your original contributions from the work of others.

You might also wonder about the difference between referencing and citing, so let’s shed some light on this: Citing happens within the main text of your work, where you briefly point to the author and year of publication. Referencing, on the other hand, happens at the end, in the form of a bibliography or reference list. This section provides the complete details of every source so readers can locate them easily. Both are essential for academic transparency and clarity.

How to reference sources in different referencing styles – our guides.

You probably already know that there are numerous referencing styles. Each style serves different academic fields and purposes, so it’s important to use the one specified by your institution or publisher.

But that’s not the only challenge: each referencing style comes with its own set of nitty-gritty rules for formatting citations and reference lists, and it’s not always easy to determine how to reference different source materials in different referencing styles. That’s what the following guidelines are for: we’ll show you how to correctly reference books, research journals, and even presentations or images in line with the most common referencing styles.

If you’re looking for a detailed breakdown with all the information about these referencing styles, head to our article on referencing styles for more in-depth guidance. But if you want to find out how to reference sources in a specific referencing style, this article is for you. Let’s dive into our referencing guidelines.

Harvard referencing guide.

Harvard referencing style is very popular in the humanities and social sciences, known for its author-date format in citations (e.g., Smith, 2020). Here’s how to reference sources in Harvard style:

• How to reference books in Harvard style:
  Author(s), Year. Title of book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
• How to reference websites in Harvard style:
  Author(s) or Organisation, Year. Title of webpage. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed date].
• How to reference videos (e.g. YouTube videos) in Harvard style:
  Author(s) or uploader, Year. Title of video. [video online] Available at: URL [Accessed date].
• How to reference PowerPoint presentations in Harvard style:
  Author(s), Year. Title of presentation. [PowerPoint presentation] Institution or organisation.
• How to reference journal articles in Harvard style:
  Author(s), Year. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume (Issue), Page numbers. DOI (if available).
• How to reference legal sources in Harvard style:
  Title of legislation, Year. Jurisdiction (if not apparent from context). Chapter or section (if relevant).
• How to reference theses and dissertations in Harvard style:
  Author(s), Year. Title of thesis. Level of thesis. Institution.
• How to reference images in Harvard style:
  Creator(s), Year. Title of image. [Type of medium] Location of publication (if applicable), Publisher (if applicable).

APA referencing guide (7th edition).

APA is commonly used in psychology, education, and other social sciences. This referencing style also employs an author-date system with a focus on clarity and uniformity. Version 7 of the APA guidelines was published in October 2019 and is the latest edition. The bibliography in APA style is usually referred to as the “References list”. This is how you reference different sources in APA style:

• How to reference books in APA style:
  Author(s). (Year). Title of book (Edition, if applicable). Publisher.
• How to reference websites in APA style:
  Author(s) or organisation. (Year). Title of webpage. Website name. URL
• How to reference videos (e.g. YouTube videos) in APA style:
  Uploader. (Year, Month, Day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL
• How to reference PowerPoint presentations in APA style:
  Author(s). (Year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Institution name.
• How to reference journal articles in APA style:
  Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI or URL
• How to reference legal sources in APA style:
  Name of act, Volume source § section (Year).
• How to reference theses and dissertations in APA style:
  Author(s). (Year). Title of thesis [Type of thesis, Institution]. Database or URL
• How to reference images in APA style:
  Creator(s). (Year). Title of image [Type of medium]. Source or URL

MLA referencing guide (9th edition).

Preferred in the arts and humanities, particularly literature, the MLA referencing style is simple and flexible. MLA usually uses a “Works Cited” page at the end of a document to list all sources referenced in alphabetical order (by the author’s last name). Currently, the 9th edition of MLA is the one we are working with – it was published in 2021. This is how you reference sources in MLA style:

• How to reference books in MLA style:
  Author(s). Title of book. Edition, Publisher, Year.
• How to reference websites in MLA style:
  Author(s) or organisation. “Title of webpage.” Website name, Accessed date, URL.
• How to reference videos (e.g., YouTube videos) in MLA style:
  Uploader. “Title of video.” YouTube, uploaded by Name, Accessed date, URL.
• How to reference PowerPoint presentations in MLA style:
  Author(s). “Title of presentation.” Institution name, Year.
• How to reference journal articles in MLA style:
  Author(s). “Title of article.” Title of journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Year, pp. Page range. DOI or URL.
• How to reference legal sources in MLA style:
  Title of legislation. Title of compilation, Year.
• How to reference theses and dissertations in MLA style:
  Author(s). Title of thesis. Year. Institution, Level of thesis.
• How to reference images in MLA style:
  Creator(s). “Title of image.” Year, Type of medium. Source, URL.

Vancouver referencing guide.

Vancouver is a numeric style that is often seen in medical and scientific disciplines. You might notice that the Vancouver style does not typically use italicisation for titles or other elements. Here is how to do different references in the Vancouver style:

• How to reference books in Vancouver style:
  Author(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.
• How to reference websites in Vancouver style:
  Author(s) or organisation. Title of webpage [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited Year Month Day]. Available from: URL.
• How to reference videos (e.g. YouTube videos) in Vancouver style:
  Uploader. Title of video [Internet]. Place of publication: Platform; Year [cited Year Month Day]. Available from: URL.
• How to reference PowerPoint presentations in Vancouver style:
  Author(s). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Place of publication: Institution; Year.
• How to reference journal articles in Vancouver style:
  Author(s). Title of article. Title of Journal. Year; Volume (Issue): Page numbers. DOI or URL.
• How to reference legal sources in Vancouver style:
  Title of Legislation. Jurisdiction. Year; Chapter or section.
• How to reference theses and dissertations in Vancouver style:
  Author(s). Title of thesis [Level of thesis]. Place: Institution; Year.
• How to reference images in Vancouver style:
  Creator(s). Title of image [Type of medium]. Year; Source or URL.

These guides for the four main referencing styles cover many different types of sources and show you how to use them in your reference list. However, please always be careful with your references. Referencing styles can be updated from time to time, for example, to fit new types of sources, because of changes in publishing formats, or because of evolving academic standards. While these guidelines are valid for now, make sure to double-check if there have been any recent changes or new editions and check if your reference style aligns with the latest guidelines.

Design your research report cover page with Adobe Express.

A reference list is usually part of a research report, essay, or research paper. Once you’ve mastered your reference list with the help of our guidelines, your next step is probably to put together your research report. At this point, your research paper content is probably already done and dusted – but what about your cover page?

The cover page of a research report is the cherry on top of the cake. This is where you can get a little creative again after all the tedious bits and pieces (reference list, we’re looking at you). With a great cover page for your research report, you’ll impress readers from the first second and set the tone for your entire paper. Designing a stylish research report cover doesn’t have to be difficult at all. With the help of Adobe Express, you can create an outstanding and convincing research report cover in minutes – for free and without much effort. This is how it works:

1. Open Adobe Express. Log in to your Adobe Express account and click on the “Create a New Project” button.
2. Browse the library of professionally designed templates by searching for terms like “report cover” or “academic report” and select a template for your research report cover sheet.
3. Add your title. Include a subtitle if needed, such as your course name, organisation, or institution. Include details such as your name (or the names of collaborators), the date, and any additional information required.
4. Choose your fonts. Use clear, bold fonts that are easy to read for the title and subtitle. Place details in smaller, secondary font sizes below the title.
5. Choose a background that complements your report’s theme. Adobe Express offers a variety of options. You could use a solid colour, a gradient, or even an image. You can upload your own images if needed.
6. Use design elements, such as shapes, lines, or icons to frame your text or add a professional touch. But: Make sure your visuals are subtle and don’t distract from the title or details.
7. Adjust the colours. Stick to a simple colour palette.
8. Review your work. Does everything look good? Then, you’re done. Save your design and export it as a high-quality PDF, then print your research report cover page yourself, or have it printed professionally.

Putting together a research paper usually means juggling a lot of documents. This is where Adobe Express comes in handy, too: Did you know that it includes free tools to create, combine, or organise PDF files?

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Good to know.

What is a reference list​?

A reference list is a detailed list of all the sources cited within a document, mostly in academic work. It provides information on each source, allowing readers to locate and verify them. A reference list is usually organised alphabetically by the author’s last name and follows specific formatting rules depending on the citation style (Harvard, APA, MLA, Vancouver, or others). If you want to know more about how to reference different sources in the most common reference styles, read our guide above.

How do I reference a film​ in APA style?

To reference a film in APA style, include the following elements:

• Producer(s) and director(s) (as authors).
• Year of release in parentheses.
• Title of the film in italics.
• Format or description (e.g., [Film]).
• Production company name.

An example of an APA-style film reference would be the following: Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Schindler’s List [Film]. Universal Pictures.

How do I reference quotes from Wikipedia​?

Referencing quotes from Wikipedia is generally not recommended in academic and professional work. Wikipedia is a secondary source that can be edited by anyone, making it potentially unreliable. However, you can use Wikipedia as a starting point to gain a general understanding of a topic. Plus, Wikipedia articles often cite reliable sources in their references section, and you can use these for your research and citations.

Can I use Adobe Express for free?

Yes, Adobe Express offers a free version with powerful tools for creating visual content such as infographics, posters, presentations, and more. The free plan includes templates, fonts, design assets, AI tools, PDF tools, and image editing tools to help users produce professional-quality work with minimal effort. You can compare all plans and included features on our pricing page.