How to select and change your video aspect ratio.

The history of aspect ratios.

In the first motion pictures, the aspect ratio was 1.33, or 4:3. This was the result of literally hand-stitching together multiple frames of 35mm photographic film. This ratio became the aspect ratio of television from its inception up until the digital age.

In 1932, filmmakers developed a ratio of 1.37, which added an audio track to the edge of the video frame. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences declared this the new official ratio, so it became known as the Academy Ratio.

With the rise of television, films moved to widescreen aspect ratios to offer expansive viewing experiences that TV couldn’t match. Ratios of 2.59 (Cinerama), 2.35 (Cinemascope), 2.2 (Todd A-O), 2.76 (MGM 65), and 2.20 (Super Panavision) presented extremely wide pictures, perfect for telling epic stories like Patton, Ben-Hur, and Lawrence of Arabia.

To present these film formats on television sets, editors had to “pan and scan,” cutting off the edges of the film (which could be as much as 50 percent of the footage) to capture the central action. If important action happened at the edge of the frame, editors had to pan over to that edge. Directors hated this practice. Sydney Pollack even sued Danish TV for compromising the artistic integrity of his film Three Days of the Condor. Clearly, we needed wider televisions so we could watch films properly.

HDTV aspect ratio.

High-definition television, developed in the 1990s, found a middle ground between boxy 1.33 and extra-wide 2.59. That middle ground is the high-definition widescreen format of 1.78, popularly known as 16:9. This ratio remains the standard aspect ratio for YouTube and Vimeo content. (In pixels, the ratio is 1920:1080, or 3840:2160 in 4K resolution.) This common aspect ratio is wide enough to capture background visuals, yet tall enough to convey human emotion and intimacy. You can view the widest format films on your TV in “letterbox” format (with black bars at the top and bottom) to avoid missing any of the action the director wanted you to see.

Vertical video on the rise.

With the rise of smartphones and social media channels like Facebook and Instagram, aspect ratios have shifted to a vertical direction. Instagram’s standard aspect ratio is a square (1:1), which is great for close-ups of people’s faces, but fails to capture the magnificence of an alpine vista or beach sunset.

So many people view video content on their phones now that a vertical aspect ratio (9:16) has gained wider acceptance. Enough people are making vertical short films with their phones that there’s even a biennial Vertical Film Festival based in Australia.

Some filmmakers bemoan this trend — especially if it means watching content on a widescreen with thick pillar boxes (vertical black bars) on either side of the video — but others take a more practical view. “There’s a cool challenge to making the best story possible in a vertical orientation,” director and producer Taylor Kavanaugh says. “If all the viewers are watching things in vertical, then why wouldn’t you go fully into that and make it the best you possibly can?”

"If all the viewers are watching things in vertical, then why wouldn’t you go fully into that and make it the best you possibly can?"

Creative director Toby Harriman agrees. “If the majority of your content is just being seen on Instagram, then you should be thinking about that real estate.”

Which aspect ratio should you use?

Is your project character-driven or is the setting itself one of the characters? “Those projects where the environment is a character don’t play as strong in vertical as they do in horizontal,” Kavanaugh says. “The projects that are largely character-driven play better in a vertical orientation.”

If you’re shooting a commercial video, expect to deliver it in a few different formats. “In the age of new media, very rarely are we asked to create something in just one size,” says Kavanaugh. “One of my first questions when we sit down with a client is, ‘Where is this going to play?’ Ninety percent of the time, the answer is ‘We want it all. We want it to play on a variety of formats.’”

How to switch aspect ratios.

You can fix a lot in post-production. If you’re shooting in 4K or higher, that high resolution will allow you to use any portion of the frame. You can change the aspect ratio of any video in Premiere Pro by creating a new sequence, clicking on Settings, and then adjusting the frame size.

Reconciling various formats.
There are many ways to change format type. If you have 16:9 footage, but you want all of your video to show up on a 4:3 TV, you can insert black bands above and below your image.

You can also avoid letterboxing by panning and scanning. In Premiere Pro, click Settings, and set the vertical frame of your sequence to match the vertical frame of your 16:9 footage. This will crop the edges of your widescreen video, so, to ensure you keep the important action in that smaller frame, you may have to pan left or right.

Problems arise when your video has a lot of action. “If you’re working in a very dynamic environment where things are moving and you need that movement throughout a horizontal frame to tell the story, figure out a strategy for how you’re going to keep enough of that information in that portion of the frame,” Kavanaugh says. Panning and scanning can be time-consuming, but it’s the easiest way to solve that problem. 

Mixing things up.
Some filmmakers work with various aspect ratios in the same project. Wes Anderson did this to great effect in The Grand Budapest Hotel. He used the Academy Ratio for most of the film, since it takes place in the 1930s, then switched to 2.35 ratio for action that took place in the 1960s, and switched again to a 1.85 ratio for its “present-day” action of the 1980s.

If filmmakers like Anderson inspire you, try varying aspect ratios in your own work. When you import assets, Premiere Pro preserves the frame aspect ratio, pixel aspect ratio, and frame dimensions whenever possible so the asset does not appear cropped or distorted. Create different sequences and manually adjust the aspect ratios to ensure that you don’t accidentally crop any footage.

Learn how to make a feature film with your iPhone.
Get some helpful tips in this article about Tangerine and other films shot on iPhones.

From feature films to sizzle reels, think about how your video will be viewed before you start shooting. If you know most people will watch it on their phones, you can avoid editing room headaches by constructing your shot list with a square or vertical aspect ratio in mind. If you want your work to play on various formats, and you want it to look great on all of them, you might just have to shoot some scenes twice with different types of shots. As with most creative decisions, the key is to think ahead and think through the tough questions: Which aspect ratio fits with how people are most likely to view your work? Which ratio will serve your story? Can you reconcile the two?